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Introduction Ethyl Alcohol - What is it?
Ethyl Alcohol - Sources
and Uses
Absorption of Ethyl
Alcohol
Distribution of Ethyl
Alcohol in the Body
Metabolism of Ethyl
Alcohol
Effects on Organ Function
Maternal Drinking and
Child Development
Effect of Alcohol on
Sleep
Effect of Alcohol on the
Cardiovascular System
Alcohol Addiction
Definitions of Substance
Use, Abuse and Dependence
Early Research about
Alcohol and the Brain
Case Study
Quiz
Problems
Case
Study
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| We
can find alcohols throughout our daily lives. An
alcohol is an organic chemical compound
containing the -OH group and there are thousands
of alcohols in this series of related chemical
compounds. Alcohols are all toxic to humans and
they are used in industry and home for the
manufacture of other compounds (MTBE gasoline
additives, paints, food additives, thickeners),
as automotive antifreeze (methyl alcohol and
ethylene glycol), as a component of cleaners (isopropanol), cosmetics (glycerol), and other
household items, as fuels (ethanol) and as a
component of beverages: beer, wine, spirits, and
champagne.
Alcohol-containing
beverages are usually the main focus of
discussions about alcohol. Of the many
compounds that are alcohols, only one,
ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) is the
component of the beer and wine and
bourbon and scotch and champagne that we
drink. Whether we enjoy the pleasure of
modest alcohol consumption or we get high
or drunk from alcohol, it is because we
have been affected by the ethyl alcohol
we have drinking.
We associate
the consumption of alcohol with the most
pleasurable aspects of our culture.
Parties and sports, picnics and
vacations, summer and winter are all
influenced by the attractions of Bud
Light or Miller Genuine Draft.
Most people who drink derive
pleasure, relaxation and the potential for
certain health benefits from ethanol consumption.
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Ball
and stick model of ethyl alcohol |
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US
Ethyl Alcohol Consumption in Beverages
The per capita
(average consumed by each person) consumption of
alcohol by people 15 and older in the United
States has not substantially changed in the years
1850 to 1998 (last year of data).
In 1998 the
apparent per capita consumption was 2.19
gallons of ethanol in beverages. In 1850 this amount was
2.10 gallons. Not surprisingly most of this
ethanol consumption is in the form of beer 1.25
gallons, followed by spirits (0.63 gallons) and
then wine 0.31 gallons. Interestingly about 35%
of adults dont drink ethanol, therefore the
amount of ethanol consumed by the individuals who
do drink is actually higher than those figures
presented above. Men drink more ethanol than
women. For example in 1994, 70% of men were
drinkers, but only 61% of women.
Note: These figures express
consumption of alcohol - not of the beverage in
which the alcohol is contained. For example, the
average per capita consumption of alcohol in beer
is .63 gallon. If the alcohol content of beer is
6% - that is about correct - then the average per
capita consumption of beer is:
gal.beer
= gal. alc/.06 = ~10 gal.beer
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But for a percentage, alcohol
consumption leads to over consumption and abuse.
The problems associated with drinking, alcohol
abuse and alcohol dependence, vary not only with
gender, but with ethnicity. Far more white men
abuse alcohol or are dependent upon alcohol (8.7
million) than white women (3.7 million) and the
numbers in both of these groups exceed those for
black men (1.7 million) and black women (420
thousand), respectively. (These numbers are
projected from earlier data and represent people
18 years and older, who are resident, civilian,
and noninstitutionalized. From Williams et al.
1989, Alcohol Health and Research World, 13
(4):366 370.
Even if you dont
drink, alcohol abuse has a substantial impact on
you and your family. The costs associated with
alcohol use, abuse, dependence are enormous and
impact each and every one of us. The approximate
costs to the nation and thus to you as an
individual who pays taxes are given in the table
below. The total of alcohol and related drug
costs to our society amount to more than $275
billion per year - about $1,000 for every man,
woman and child in the nation. |
Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Costs, $(Million) US, 1995
| |
Alcohol 1995 |
Drugs 1995 |
| Specialty
alcohol and drug services |
6,660 |
5,258 |
| Medical
consequences |
15,830 |
6,623 |
| Loss of Earnings - Death |
34,921 |
16,247 |
| Loss of Earnings - Illness |
77,150 |
17,481 |
| Loss of Earnings - Criminal Activity |
7,231 |
43,821 |
| Crashes, Fires |
24,752 |
20,402 |
| Total |
166,543 |
109,832 |
Data from the
National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIH
Publication No. 98-4327, Sept 1998.
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